The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 modernizes and strengthens India's consumer rights framework by replacing the 1986 Act. It expands the definition of "consumer" to include e-commerce transactions, establishes a new regulatory body—the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)—with powers to investigate unfair trade practices, recall products, and issue penalties, and introduces “product liability” to hold manufacturers, sellers, and service providers accountable for harm caused by defective goods or deficient services. The Act also sets up a three-tier consumer dispute redressal system (District, State, National Commissions), encourages mediation, enables electronic complaint filing and video hearings, and imposes stricter penalties for misleading advertisements and unsafe products